Table 1 Results of a hierarchical multilevel cross-classified model explaining cohort-differences in attitudes to immigration across 13 countries
From: Blame it on my youth: the origins of attitudes towards immigration
Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | S.E. | Coeff. | S.E. | Coeff. | S.E. | Coeff. | S.E. | |
Intercept | 16.90*** | (0.418) | 19.72*** | (0.814) | 19.97*** | (0.813) | 20.34*** | (0.827) |
Individual level | ||||||||
Age | − 0.009*** | (0.001) | − 0.010*** | (0.002) | − 0.017*** | (0.002) | ||
Lower secondary education | 0.691*** | (0.071) | 0.695*** | (0.071) | 0.703*** | (0.071) | ||
Upper secondary education | 1.558*** | (0.068) | 1.562*** | (0.068) | 1.572*** | (0.068) | ||
University without degree | 2.363*** | (0.080) | 2.368*** | (0.034) | 2.382*** | (0.080) | ||
University degree | 3.604*** | (0.074) | 3.609*** | (0.074) | 3.626*** | (0.074) | ||
Female | − 0.065* | (0.030) | − 0.065* | (0.030) | − 0.064* | (0.030) | ||
Urban residence | 0.690*** | (0.034) | 0.690*** | (0.034) | 0.690*** | (0.034) | ||
Income difficulties | − 1.113*** | (0.048) | − 1.112*** | (0.048) | − 1.107*** | (0.048) | ||
Minority member | 1.410*** | (0.041) | 1.410*** | (0.041) | 1.412*** | (0.041) | ||
Unemployment | − 0.257*** | (0.068) | − 0.257*** | (0.068) | − 0.257*** | (0.068) | ||
Left-right scale | − 0.483*** | (0.007) | − 0.483*** | (0.007) | − 0.483*** | (0.007) | ||
Lower-grade service class | − 0.730*** | (0.049) | − 0.731*** | (0.049) | − 0.731*** | (0.049) | ||
Small business owners | − 1.067*** | (0.059) | − 1.067*** | (0.059) | − 1.066*** | (0.059) | ||
Skilled workers | − 1.746*** | (0.051) | − 1.745*** | (0.051) | − 1.748*** | (0.051) | ||
Unskilled workers | − 1.819*** | (0.059) | − 1.818*** | (0.059) | − 1.821*** | (0.059) | ||
Country-cohort level | ||||||||
Political climate of equality | 0.028* | (0.014) | 0.034** | (0.013) | ||||
Political climate of tradition | − 0.049 | (0.029) | − 0.036 | (0.027) | ||||
% of university educated | − 0.006 | (0.004) | ||||||
Net migration | − 0.035** | (0.012) | ||||||
Unemployment rate | − 0.035** | (0.013) | ||||||
Country-period level | ||||||||
Political climate of equality | 0.102* | (0.046) | 0.103* | (0.046) | 0.107* | (0.046) | ||
Political climate of tradition | − 0.087* | (0.085) | − 0.086 | (0.085) | − 0.096 | (0.085) | ||
Net migration | -1.03e−07 | (1.53e−06) | -9.95e−0 | (1.53e−06) | 1.60e−07 | (1.53e−06) | ||
Unemployment rate | − 0.198*** | (0.047) | − 0.200*** | (0.047) | − 0.189*** | (0.047) | ||
% of university educated | − 0.014 | (0.013) | − 0.014 | (0.013) | − 0.012 | (0.013) | ||
Random effects | ||||||||
Country | 2.117 | (0.913) | 1.904 | (0.800) | 1.994 | (0.816) | 1.904 | (0.801) |
Cohort (in country) | 0.480 | (0.062) | 0.099 | (0.018) | 0.098 | (0.018) | 0.802 | (0.015) |
Period (in country) | 0.958 | (0.148) | 0.452 | (0.072) | 0.450 | (0.072) | 0.453 | (0.072) |
Individual | 32.974 | (0.133) | 28.526 | (0.115) | 28.526 | (0.115) | 28.525 | (0.115) |